Guan Gong culture is a traditional folk belief. In China, there are many temples dedicated to Confucius, the sage of literature, and such buildings used to exist in various cities. The number and scale of Wusheng Guan Gong Temple far exceed Confucius' Confucian Temple both domestically and internationally. Some people say that Guan Gong is a culture and a spirit. Guan Yu, also known as Yunchang, was born in 160 AD and passed away in 219 AD. During his nearly sixty year life, Guan Gong rode horses and swords, raced across the battlefield, fought against various heroes, and assisted Liu Bei in completing the great cause of the Three Realms. He composed a touching song of life and was elected by later generations as a moral model that combines "loyalty," "faith," "righteousness," and "courage." He became a sacred idol widely worshipped by emperors, generals, and officials, as well as scholars, peasants, merchants, and businessmen in the later feudal society of China.

Culture is the synthesis of spiritual civilization and material civilization created in the process of human development history.
Guan Gong culture refers to Guan Gong's ideological concepts, moral qualities, spiritual temperament, and their impact on the spiritual life of society. As a spiritual phenomenon, its most direct significance to social life lies in the spiritual aspect, mainly in ethical and moral aspects. The core of the spiritual value of Guan Gong culture lies in moral values.
China is an ethical society, and traditional Chinese culture is an ethical culture. As a component of traditional Chinese culture, especially Confucian culture, Guan Gong culture is also an ethical culture, with ethics and morality being its core content. Guan Gong's loyalty, righteousness, benevolence, and bravery are infused with the ethical and moral spirit of Confucianism. For thousands of years, people have worshipped Guan Gong, essentially admiring his noble moral character. Guan Gong's spirit of loyalty to the country, righteousness in treating others, benevolence in dealing with people, and bravery in fighting embodies the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation.

Guan Yu was a famous general of Shu Han, known for his loyalty, righteousness, benevolence, and bravery throughout his life, and his reputation for honesty and integrity was renowned throughout the world. The more than 1800 years since the rise of generals, marquises, kings, emperors, and saints have been the process of the transmission of the spirit of the story of Guan Gong, the emergence of beliefs and customs, and the formation of Guan Gong culture.
During this process, both the government and the public jointly created temple culture - rich in connotations such as architecture, sculpture, couplets, sculptures, painting, etc; Created a culture of worship, with regular and rigorous ritual procedures, and a phenomenon of global worship among believers; Created temple fair culture and opera culture - the exchange of material and cultural elements, and the exhibition and performance of opera and zaju; Created the culture of Shang Shen, Guan Gong was regarded by various sectors of society as a deity seeking peace, wealth, education, and progress due to his loyalty and righteousness.
The most fundamental cultural concept in Guan Gong's culture is his loyalty, righteousness, benevolence, bravery, and integrity. The spirit of loyalty in dealing with things, benevolence in dealing with people, benefiting from righteousness, and striving for excellence through courage has now become the national spirit and righteousness, and the foundation of social development and harmony; Derived from the Guan Gong industry culture, various official and folk Guan Gong cultural tourism festivals have been held in various regions, forming a related cultural industry chain.

Guan Gong (160-219 AD), also known as Yu and Yunchang, was born in Jie, Hedong Commandery (now Jiezhou, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province). Yuncheng is the hometown of Guan Gong, as well as the birthplace of Guan Gong culture and the root of its development.
Hometown Sacred Sites
The Guandi Temple in Jiezhou, Shanxi Province is renowned as the "ancestor of martial arts temples in the world". The imperial edict was built in the ninth year of the Kaihuang reign of the Sui Dynasty (589 AD), with a former dynasty and a later palace. It has the highest standard among tens of thousands of Guandi temples at home and abroad, and its architectural value and unique human value are irreplaceable by any Guandi temple in the world. There are also the Changping Guan Gong Family Temple and Guan Di Ancestral Tomb, which are known as the "Three Passes" along with the Jiezhou Guan Di Temple. These precious cultural relics and historical sites form a unique and sacred cultural landscape.

Hometown customs
The birthday of Emperor Guan on June 24th, the ancient temple fair of Guan Gong on April 8th and September 9th, etc. Every year, grand events are held in Guan Gong's hometown to establish a tradition. Since 1989, more than 20 consecutive editions of the "International Guan Gong Cultural Tourism Festival" have established a new brand in the cultural and economic fields, and have a great influence among Chinese people at home and abroad.

tourism culture
In order to fully develop the tourism resources of Guan Gong's hometown, the local government has invested nearly 100 million yuan to comprehensively repair and improve the Guandi Temple, Changping Family Temple, Ancestral Tombs, etc. in Jiezhou, and built new Guandi Cultural Square, Changping Guandi Film and Television City, etc., forming a self-contained and large-scale tourist attraction.
Literary Festival
In order to promote the culture of Guan Gong, the local government and civil organizations have published more than 20 books on Guan Gong culture, filmed multiple TV dramas such as "Guan Gong's Birth" and "Wu Sheng Guan Gong", restored and staged traditional plays such as "Riding Alone for Thousands of Miles" and "Ancient City Meeting", and newly compiled several modern plays such as "Guan Gong and Diaochan" and "Guan Gong Slashes His Son". They have also launched literary and artistic programs such as Guan Gong gongs and drums, Guan Gong songs, etc.
culture industry
The promotion of Guan Gong culture and the popularity of tourism in Guan Gong's hometown have brought huge business opportunities for people to worship Guan Gong and believe in his spirit. A rich and colorful Guan Gong cultural industry chain has been formed in Guan Gong's hometown, including a market for Guan Gong artworks, handicrafts, and related peripheral industries. Make the Guan Gong cultural industry one of the most valuable cultural business cards in Shanxi. The most influential and distinctive product among them is the "Jiezhou Guan Gong" bronze statue, which is a direct carrier of Guan Gong culture. Jiezhou Guan Gong "is a famous cultural brand in Shanxi Province, which has been successfully registered with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce and has a high reputation both domestically and internationally. The meticulously designed and crafted bronze statue of Guan Gong from Jiezhou, titled "Night Reading of Spring and Autumn Annals," was exhibited at the Shanghai World Expo as a representative of Shanxi Province, showcasing Guan Gong's cultural beliefs and the profound bronze culture to visitors from around the world.
The culture and customs of Guan Gong have permeated almost every aspect of people's thinking and life, including religion, worship, folk customs, literature, etc., forming a wide range of cultural phenomena with local characteristics.

brief introduction
As a historical figure, "The Biography of Guan Yu" is only over 900 words long in the official history "Records of the Three Kingdoms", and has not received high praise. Chen Shou once criticized him for being "rigid and arrogant", "taking advantage of his shortcomings to defeat, and being too logical and calculating". But a thousand years later, Guan Yu was able to surpass all the heroes and be promoted to the god of "protecting the country and the people" for the entire Chinese nation. This not only made Liu Bei, Cao Cao, Sun Quan, and other influential figures of the Three Kingdoms period pale in comparison, but even the literary sage Confucius, known as the "eternal teacher", had to retreat. In the comments of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" in the early Qing Dynasty, Guan Gong was already revered as the "most extraordinary general of all time" who embodies "elegance", "heroic spirit", "divine power", and "righteousness". He was praised as the "most extraordinary person among famous generals in ancient and modern times" who "acted like the blue sky and white sun, and treated people like the clear moon and wind".
Confucianism is called saint, Buddhism is called Buddha, Taoism is called Tianzun, and all three religions have converted. The appearance of the temple of Shizhan is new, and everyone is respected. The Han Dynasty was granted the title of Marquis, the Song Dynasty was granted the title of King, and the Ming Dynasty was granted the title of Emperor, and throughout the dynasties, it was given the honorific title. It is truly remarkable for its divine achievements, and it is said that it is difficult to attain fame
The above couplet from a Qing dynasty temple can quite summarize the tremendous influence of Guan Yu in traditional Chinese society.
To this day, Chinese people both at home and abroad still use honorific terms such as' Old Master ',' Guan Di Jun ',' Wu Sheng Sheng ',' Guan Di Gong ',' Guan Sheng ',' En Zhu Gong ', and' Di Zu Gong '. This is a very interesting phenomenon, which is meaningful for examining the historical and cultural psychology of the Chinese nation. This interacts with Chinese society, politics, economy, religion, ethics, philosophy, and folk customs, and it is under the influence of these factors that the worship of Guan Gong actually hides the construction process of China's traditional value system.

Guan Yu in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms"
Was Guan Yu's godhood influenced by the dissemination of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" or vice versa? From the historical materials discovered today, it can be seen that from the Tang and Song dynasties to the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, the legend of Guan Gong becoming a god was passed down earlier than the stories of the Three Kingdoms. That's why many fictional stories and characters around Guan Gong have appeared in the novels and operas of the Three Kingdoms throughout history. It is generally believed that the popularity of the novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and the Three Kingdoms drama is the main reason for the formation of the worship of Guan Gong in later generations. But if we carefully compare historical facts, we will find that the cause and effect are exactly the opposite: every time the worship of Guan Gong in society heats up, it brings a new round of popularity and evolution of novels and dramas. There has always been a saying in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" that there are "seven truths and three falsehoods". One of the characters with the most fictional gains in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" may be the story of Guan Yu.
Later, Guan Yu was posthumously honored as Marquis of Zhuangmu, and his title was inherited by Guan Yu's son Guan Xing. Guan Xing, with the courtesy name Anguo, had a beautiful reputation at a young age. Prime Minister Zhuge Liang highly valued Guan Xing's abilities and was only a weak crown. He was appointed as a attendant and central supervisor of the army, but unfortunately died shortly after. Guan Xing's son Guan Tong inherited the title, and Guan Tong became Princess Shang (who also became Liu Shan's son-in-law), and his official position became the General of the Tiger Ben Middle Army. After Guan Tong's death, he had no son to inherit, so he turned to Guan Xing's illegitimate son Guan Yi to inherit.

Commentary on "Records of the Three Kingdoms: Biographies of Guan Yu and Zhang Fei"
Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are both known as the enemies of ten thousand people and are the world's tiger ministers. Yu serves Cao Gong, Fei Yi explains Yan Yan, and has the style of a national scholar. However, Yu is strong and self righteous, Fei Fei is violent and ungrateful, and uses his weaknesses to defeat, which is a common practice
Indeed, these statements are not uncommon in the "Records of the Three Kingdoms". In the biographies of the "Book of Wei" and the "Book of Wu", it is repeatedly mentioned that Guan Yu was a "enemy of ten thousand people", a "general of the Xionghu tribe", or praised for his bravery and righteousness. Many people may think that this is already a historical consensus, but later generations do not agree with the negative evaluations of Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. During the Qing Dynasty, someone wrote couplets for the Guandi Temple, saying:
The historian proposed to say 'Jin', but it was wrong! He regarded the people of Wu and Wei as nothing;
To be revered as an emperor in later generations, how dare you? On the great significance of the Spring and Autumn Annals, it is still Han officials. Wang Wushan's inscription on the Guanwang Temple in Sunjiadian, Linzi, Shandong
Someone else's couplet says
Throughout his life, he swore to avenge his country to Emperor Zhaolie, and although proud, he was also brave and righteous. Today, he competes with King Wenxuan for temple food, which is a symbol of heroism and virtue. "- Liang Zhuotao's inscription on the Guandi Shrine in Guangfu Temple, Changsha
Clearly state the refutation of Chen Shouding's evaluation. When compiling the Complete Library of the Four Treasures, Emperor Qianlong issued a special order to change the posthumous title of "Marquis of Zhuangmu" bestowed upon Guan Yu by Liu Chan to "Marquis of Loyalty and Righteousness". He harshly criticized Chen Shou for "unfairness" in his historical writing and added his own understanding to the "Records of the Three Kingdoms", proclaiming the message to be passed down for eternity:
On July 26th, the 41st year of the Qianlong reign, an edict was issued stating that the Guan Emperor had supported the Han Dynasty and was loyal and upright. This was a posthumous title in historical records, not a title of honor. Chen Shou had doubts about the Shu Han Dynasty and had many personal opinions, so he did not make a judgment on it. How could he be considered a public servant? Previously, he was conferred the title of 'Loyalty, Righteousness, God, and Martial Emperor' by Emperor Zhang, the founder of the dynasty, in order to praise the martyrs. In the 32nd year of the Qianlong reign, I issued an edict and added the word 'Lingyou' to show respect. He was honored with the loyalty and righteousness of the gods, and was respected and worshipped by the local people. However, the official history only retains the old posthumous title, which implies ridicule and criticism, and has not been passed down for generations. When copying the Complete Library of the Four Treasures, one should not follow bad habits. All posthumous titles of Guan Emperor in the Annals should be 'Loyalty and Righteousness'. The first edition has been passed down for a long time, and the actions of the people are bound to be extensive, making it difficult to make it easier. The Wuying Hall will publish this edict and use it for a long time. The official edition and the display of books in the inner palace were revised and published, and this decree was added as a whole. Thank you
It can be seen that there was a tortuous process of "positive and negative" evaluation of Guan Yu in later generations. In fact, in the narration of "Records of the Three Kingdoms" itself, the image of Guan Yu has a very noble personality trait, which is an inherent nature rather than caused by external trends.

From a renowned Shu Han general known for his bravery and righteousness throughout the Three Kingdoms period, to a deified and sacred idol with ancestral halls spanning across all provinces, Guan Gong has been the result of continuous beautification, sanctification, and deification of him by various sectors of society since the late feudal period in China. The Song and Yuan dynasties marked the beginning of the beautification, sanctification, and deification of Guan Gong, while the Ming and Qing dynasties were the era in which Guan Gong was sanctified and deified to the extreme.
Jingzhou folk worship and faith
Since ancient times, the Chu region has revered the shamanistic style. Wang Yi's "Preface to the Nine Songs" states: "In the past, the town of Nanying in Chu, between Yuan and Xiang, had a popular belief in ghosts and was fond of shrines." The "Geographical Records of the Book of Han" also records the saying of Chu people that "they believed in witches and ghosts and heavily indulged in shrines. The Book of Later Han, Biography of Southwest Barbarians, states that "there are taboos against witchcraft and ghosts among the common people. Until the Sui Dynasty, his habits remained unchanged. The Geographical Records of the Book of Sui records that "most of the people in Jingzhou pay special attention to the worship of ghosts, especially the matter of ancestral worship. In the past, Qu Yuan created the 'Nine Songs' and built it for this purpose." Jingzhou was the pinnacle of Guan Yu's lifelong career and also the place where he achieved success or failure. Overall, during the entire Three Kingdoms period, Jiangling City did not experience much devastation from wars. But the situation was different during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Jingzhou, due to its strategic position in controlling the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, naturally became the focus of competition between the two sides, resulting in frequent wars. The south wants to occupy Jiangling as a base for the Northern Expedition, just like Guan Yu; The northern occupation of Jiangling aimed to emulate the Western Jin Dynasty's pacification of Wu, to control the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and then flow downstream along the river. "Wang Junlou descended to Yizhou, and the aura of Jinling's king dimmed." (According to a poem by Liu Yuxi, a Tang Dynasty poet) During this period, a highly effective "City God" appeared in the city of Jiangling. There was first a temple in the city, commonly known as the City God God, where people prayed for both public and private life. Therefore, following the hearts of the soldiers, they led each other to pray for blessings from the underworld. "(From the Book of Northern Qi, Biography of Murong Yan). The earliest extant inscription of the Temple of Guan Yu in the Tang Dynasty says: "The former Lufa and the false gods agreed with Yu Ren, and the Emperor Liang Xuan used the gods to reject Wang Lin, and to learn from his truth, An can frame it." (Dong Jiu's "Records of the Jingnan Festival Envoy, Jiang Ling, Yin Peigong, Rebuilding the Yuquan Temple") The persuasive evidence is the pottery statue of Guan Yu unearthed at the Chenghuang Temple site in Jingzhou in 2005, which is also the earliest statue of Guan Yu found today. Therefore, Guan Gong may have been the city god of Jingzhou during that era.

The Tang Dynasty poet Liu Yuxi wrote in his poem "Along the Flowing Path from Jiangling": "When traveling to the Southern Dynasties, famous generals have always been gods." Due to Jingzhou's control over the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, it can go north to Xiangfan and directly reach the Central Plains; The miracle and image of Guan Gong, who became a god in Jingzhou, can also spread to all directions along this east-west north-south thoroughfare, flowing downstream to Jianghuai.
Generally speaking, the central area of Guan Gong's faith underwent four large-scale transfers: the first was the Jingchu region centered around Yuquan Temple during the Sui and Tang dynasties; The second time was in the Shan Shan He Luo region centered around Jiezhou during the Northern Song Dynasty; The third time was in the North China region centered around the capital during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties; The fourth time was in the mid Ming Dynasty, in the Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangzhou regions marked by the "resistance against Japanese aggression". These transfers have almost covered the main areas of China's politics, economy, and culture, and have taken this as a starting point to reach the whole country, and then followed the migration of Chinese people to the world.
Buddhism and the Worship of Guan Gong
In the thirteenth year of Emperor Wen of Sui's reign (593 AD), a high monk appeared in a small grotto in Yuquan Mountain, Hubei Province. He came here to donate funds for the construction of a temple because Buddhist influence had not yet had its due impact in the Jing and Hu areas. This high monk is Zhidi, known as the 'Tiantai Master'. He is 56 years old this year. One year later, he started preaching here, and the believers were like clouds, resembling the Galan Monastery. He was also known as one of the "Four Wonders of the World" along with Qixia Temple in Runzhou, Guoqing Temple in Taizhou, and the Thousand Buddha Hall in Lingyan.
Zhidi is a remarkable monk in the history of Chinese Buddhism. He has the common surname Chen and is from Huarong. His ancestors were prominent officials in the Liang Dynasty. From a young age, he studied Confucianism and Taoism, and later switched to Buddhism. Emperor Chen Xuan and King Yang Guang of Sui and Jin (later known as Emperor Yang of Sui) both honored him as their national teachers. The "Tiantai Sect" he founded is considered by Chen Yinke to be "one of the most significant Buddhist sects in terms of Taoist significance". In the 18th year of the Zhenyuan reign of Emperor Dezong of Tang Dynasty (802 AD), an inscription confirms that it was his dream that enabled Guan Gong and his son to recognize Qian Yan, convert to Buddhism, and contribute to the establishment of Yuquan Temple. Later, Shen Xiu, the sixth ancestor of the Northern School of Zen Buddhism (606-706 AD), came to Yuquan Mountain to establish a temple and intended to destroy it. He also dreamed of Guan Gong "leaping with a sword and galloping in the clouds and mist," which tells the story of his past. Shen Xiu gladly chose Guan Gong as his protector, Galan. To this day, there is still an inscription on Yuquan Mountain from the Ming Dynasty's Wanli period, which reads' Guan Yunchang's Manifestation of Saintness', and from the Qing Dynasty's Jiaqing period's' First Manifestation of Saintness', confirming this Buddhist cause and effect. And at the latest since the Tang Dynasty, there has been a Guan Yu Temple in Yuquan Temple. This can be seen as the beginning of the belief in Guan Gong.

The successive emergence of Tiantai Sect and Zen Buddhism signifies the beginning of the sinicization of Buddhism. In this sense, the "Guan Gong faith" initially described in Buddhism was also an interlude in its localization process. In Volume 6 of the Hongzhi edition of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", there was a story about a person who had spoken with Guan Yu about their hometown relationship at Guosi Temple in Sishui Town, claiming that "the poor monk and the general's family are only separated by a river". Later, they built a thatched hut on Yuquan Mountain and, in response to Guan Yu's painful cry of "return my head", used the phrase "Yan Liang'an is here" to drink through the previous sins of "Pu Jing". This is actually the romantic version of this Buddhist story.

Taoism and Guan Gong Worship
There is a legend in China that the Yellow Emperor fought against Chiyou, which is a historical event related to the war between the two major tribes in the Central Plains in ancient times and determined the initial direction of the Chinese nation. Due to the lack of written records at that time, it has long existed in mythology in the form of oral transmission. During the pre Qin period, various ancient texts were recorded, which resulted in multiple ambiguities, leading to different interpretations and theories throughout the ages.
The legend of 'Guan Yu slaying Chiyou' is derived from the tale of 'Huangdi fighting Chiyou'. In fact, it is related to the custom of Taoist sects to "worship their ancestors" to elevate their own social status and make a name for themselves, which also involves a series of issues such as politics and finance in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The earliest record of this story is currently regarded as the ancestor of "Water Margin" and was written in the Yuan collection of "The Great Song Xuanhe Legacy" during the Song and Yuan dynasties. It was roughly written in the summer of the fifth year of Chongning in the Northern Song Dynasty, when a dragon was at work in the salt pond of Jiezhou, Shanxi. "People and animals were grazing in the air for more than ten miles, causing harm to many people." The emperor asked the 32nd Celestial Master Zhang Jixian to quell the situation, and it was soon successful. Emperor Huizong of Song spared no effort, but Zhang Tianshi attributed the rebellion to Chiyou and invited two divine generals to contribute. One god was dressed in red clothing and gold armor, with a beautiful green sword and beard; the other god was a scholar of Jiezhou. He instructed the person in gold armor, saying, 'This is Guan Yu, the general of Shu.' He also instructed the person in Jiezhou, saying, 'This is Shi Shi, the self proclaimed mountain god.' The words have not been seen yet. Therefore, the emperor praised and bestowed upon Zhang Jixian the title of Grand Preceptor of the Imperial Household Department, and granted him the title of Grand Preceptor of the Imperial Household Department. This part explains Li Tao's "Continuation of the Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government", which records that "in January of the fifth year of Xuanhe, the Ministry of Rites requested a marquis title. He was granted the title of Prince Wu'an, who was brave and righteous, and ordered to be worshipped in the temple of King Wucheng. There have been records throughout history, but the era and characters appear to be different.

The Jin Dynasty invaded the Song Dynasty and forcefully demanded the release of state salt. The Southern Song Dynasty relied solely on sea salt to maintain its finances. However, the magic of "no manual labor, naturally generated" and the abundance of "inexhaustible" in salt solution are unforgettable for the Southern Ferry officials. Therefore, the myth of "Guan Gong slaying Chiyou" should be a religious imagination of Taoism for the support of national finances through salt solution in Jiezhou after the Southern Song Dynasty lost this treasure trove. The reason why Zhang Tianshi, a member of the Zhengyi faction, introduced and continuously expanded this myth is twofold: firstly, the status of the Zhengyi faction has been continuously elevated since the Song Dynasty; secondly, Zhang Tianshi's lineage has always been related to salt profits; thirdly, Zhang Tianshi has already inherited the Yellow Emperor's mythology, so he is willing to inherit the legacy of the Yellow Emperor's myth.
After the Jin and Yuan dynasties, Quanzhen Taoism and other Taoist sects also gradually accepted the myth of Guan Yu and his spiritual relics. For example, Quanzhen Taoism once regarded Guan Yu as one of the Four Marshals (or Four Heavenly Generals), and to this day, the Wudang Mountain Taoist Temple is still modeled together with Ma, Zhao, and Wen. The emblem of Guan Gong, bestowed upon him by the Mongol Khan of the Yuan Dynasty, also had a distinct Taoist color. For example, in the second year of Zhishun (1331), he was appointed as the "General of Qi Tian's Protection of the Country, Minister of Censorate, Commander in Chief of Huainan, and concurrently as the Commander in Chief of the Four Gates in Shandong and Hebei, as well as the Commander in Chief of various palaces and shrines, the Inspector of Non Dividing Places, the Political Affairs Officer of the Central Secretariat, the Three Departments of Kaifu Yitong, the Commander in Chief of Jiaqian, the Marquis of Wuxian, the King of Zhuangmu Yiyong Wu'an Yingji, and the True Lord of Huguo Chongning. In the Book of Songs, Guan Gong is referred to as:
The Great Sage Fang Mo supervises the three realms of ghosts, gods, and criminals, and appointed envoys to investigate and capture ghosts in the three realms. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, he surrendered the Dragon and Tiger Generals at the seventh level in one breath. The Chongning True Lord Thunderous Runfu Conquers Evil and Conquers Ambassador, the Thirty Six Thunders General Fengdu Xingtai Imperial Censorate, and presides over the Three Realms of Ghosts, Gods, and Punishments. He also supervises the Shenxiao Dali Tianding, the Three Realms Commander in Chief Military and Horse Recruitment Ambassador, and the Commander in Chief of Heaven and Earth to Kill Demons and Demons Marshal
Obviously, it greatly enhanced Guan Gong's divine power, and Taoism also increased its influence through this. This also laid the foundation for the Ming Dynasty to bestow upon Guan Gong the title of "Great Demon Suppressing Emperor of the Three Realms, with divine power far and wide, the Holy Emperor of Guan", and for the spread of the belief in Taiwan that Guan Gong was the "18th Jade Emperor" in modern times.